What to Know about Ancient Rome

Rome's millennial history has left endless surprising evidence throughout its urban fabric. There are many famous sites to see, but even at these it is good to be informed about some relevant historical aspects in order to understand their meaning and significance.

This guide combines the things to see with what you need to know to view the sites in their original context and imagine how people lived them.

1. How Much of the Colosseum Has Collapsed?

Roughly two-thirds of the Colosseum has been lost over the centuries due to natural disasters, neglect, and human interference. The southern side of the structure collapsed during a massive earthquake in 1349, leaving the iconic half-ruin we see today. Over the Middle Ages and Renaissance, much of its travertine stone was stripped and repurposed for other buildings, including St. Peter’s Basilica. Despite this, the remaining sections of the Colosseum still stand.

2. Who Built the Colosseum and When?

The Colosseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, was commissioned by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty in AD 70-72. Construction began on the site of what was once Emperor Nero’s extravagant private lake, part of his Golden House, or Domus Aurea. The decision to build the Colosseum symbolized the Flavians' commitment to giving public land back to the people, creating a space for grand entertainment that united Romans of all social classes.Vespasian did not live to see its completion; the structure was completed in AD 80 under his son and successor, Emperor Titus. To celebrate its inauguration, Titus hosted a 100-day series of games, including gladiatorial combat and animal hunts. Later, Vespasian’s younger son, Emperor Domitian, added finishing touches, such as the underground hypogeum, which allowed for more elaborate performances.

3. Why is it called “Colosseum”?

The name "Colosseum" is believed to have derived from the Colossus of Nero, a massive bronze statue that once stood nearby. This statue, which depicted Emperor Nero as the sun god, was erected as part of Nero's Domus Aurea complex. After Nero's death, the statue was repurposed by his successors, who altered its features to resemble other figures, such as the sun god Sol, distancing it from Nero's controversial legacy.Though the official name of the structure was the Flavian Amphitheatre, the nickname "Colosseum" became popular due to the proximity of the monumental statue. Over time, even as the Colossus itself disappeared, the name "Colosseum" endured, cementing its place in history. To discover the Colosseum with a hands-on experience, social pace and engaging content, we suggest you our Colosseum Audio Tour!

4. Why is the arena called like that?

The Colosseum's arena is named after the Latin word arena, which means "sand." In ancient times, the floor of the arena was covered in a thick layer of sand to absorb the bloodshed from the brutal gladiatorial contests and other events held there. This practice helped to keep the space cleaner and more manageable, as the sand could be easily replaced after each event.The use of sand in arenas was not limited to the Colosseum; it was a common feature in Roman amphitheaters. The term "arena" eventually came to refer not just to the sand-covered floor but to the entire venue where such spectacles took place. The Colosseum's arena, with its central performance space, was the stage for a wide range of events, from gladiator fights to animal hunts, and the name has endured as a symbol of the excitement and drama that filled the arena in Roman times.

5. What was the Colosseum used for?

The events held within the Colosseum were varied and often extravagant, reflecting Rome's penchant for grandeur. Gladiatorial combat was among the most famous, with trained fighters—often slaves, prisoners, or volunteers—battling for survival and glory. These fights symbolized strength, discipline, and the social hierarchy, captivating the audience with their raw intensity.Another popular form of entertainment was the venationes, or animal hunts, where exotic creatures from across the empire were pitted against hunters or each other. This highlighted the empire's dominion over distant lands, as the animals were captured and transported to Rome at great expense. On occasion, the Colosseum was eventually flooded to stage naval battles, though these events could only happen in the first years after the inauguration of the building, before they constructed the underground tunnels in brick, which forbid flooding the arena. The Colosseum also hosted dramatic reenactments of historical events and myths, often using elaborate sets and costumes. Some of these performances incorporated executions, where condemned criminals would be killed in ways that aligned with the storyline, adding a macabre realism to the production. Public executions were not only a form of punishment but also a means of reinforcing imperial justice in front of the assembled populace.

The structure itself was a marvel of Roman engineering, with advanced features such as the velarium, a retractable awning that provided shade for spectators. Beneath the arena floor was a complex system of tunnels and chambers, the hypogeum, used to house animals, gladiators, and stage equipment, allowing for dramatic entrances and rapid scene changes during events. The Colosseum was more than just a venue for entertainment; it was a tool of political propaganda. By hosting free games and festivals, emperors could win the favor of the people, distract them from political issues, and demonstrate their generosity and control over resources. Its monumental scale and enduring presence also served as a testament to the power and longevity of the Roman Empire, ensuring the emperor's legacy would be celebrated long after their reign.

6. Who were the gladiators?

Gladiators were combatants in ancient Rome who fought in public spectacles known as gladiatorial games. These games were held to entertain the public and were often staged in amphitheaters, with the Colosseum being the most famous venue. Gladiators could be slaves, prisoners of war, or criminals sentenced to fight, but some volunteered to become gladiators in exchange for prize money, fame, and the chance of earning a living through the games. They were trained in special schools called ludi where they learned various combat techniques using different weapons and armor.

Gladiators were often pitted against each other in one-on-one duels, though some contests involved larger groups or battles with wild animals. The role of gladiators in Roman society was both admired and despised: they were seen as courageous warriors by some, yet viewed as little more than tools for entertainment by others. Despite the dangerous nature of their work, successful gladiators could achieve celebrity status, with loyal followers and even sponsors eager to back their careers. The life of a gladiator was brutal, with many facing serious injuries or death, though some were able to survive long careers and win their freedom through victory in the arena.

7. What were the Colosseum's underground used for and when were they built?

The underground passages of the Colosseum were a critical part of the arena's design, serving multiple functions that enhanced the grandeur of the games. Built around 70 AD, these passages housed gladiators, animals, and equipment, preparing them for the spectacles above. Gladiators were kept in holding areas, awaiting their turn to fight, while exotic animals, sometimes brought from across the Roman Empire, were housed in cages. The passages also featured lifts and trapdoors, allowing gladiators and animals to be raised onto the arena floor in a dramatic fashion, adding surprise and excitement to the contests. This fact about ancient Rome reveal the complex organization behind these events, which required careful management of the numerous participants and animals. The Roman engineers designed these underground passages to facilitate the smooth running of the games, keeping the operations hidden from the public eye while maintaining the excitement above ground. The tunnels and chambers also stored the weapons, armor, and props needed for the events, reflecting the Romans' advanced understanding of logistics and entertainment. This system was a key part of the Colosseum's efficiency and spectacle, allowing the ancient Romans to create a dynamic and thrilling experience for the tens of thousands who attended.

8. How many people could the Colosseum host?

The Colosseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, could host around 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at its peak. This vast number of people was accommodated in a tiered seating arrangement, with different levels designated for different social classes. The lower levels were reserved for the elite, such as senators and nobles, while the upper levels were for the general public, including women and the poor. The arena’s design, featuring 80 entrances, allowed for quick access and smooth crowd control, making it possible to fill and empty the Colosseum in a matter of minutes, a feat of Roman engineering. It was the largest amphitheater of its time and remains an architectural marvel.

9. Was the emperor present at the Colosseum during gladiator fights?

While it's a common misconception that the emperor was always personally present at gladiator fights in the Colosseum, there's no concrete evidence to support this claim. However, it's an interesting fact of ancient Rome that emperors often sponsored or attended these games as a way to connect with the people and showcase their power. They would often sit in special boxes or seats that were clearly visible to the crowd. So, while the emperor might not have been at every single fight, their presence at these events was certainly significant and contributed to the grandeur and spectacle of the games.

10. What is the Roman Forum?

The Roman Forum was the beating heart of ancient Rome, serving as the center of political, religious, and social life for centuries. Located in a valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills, this sprawling area was once filled with grand temples, basilicas, and public spaces where Rome’s citizens gathered for everything from political debates to religious ceremonies, and even trials and celebrations.Initially a marshland, the Forum was drained in the 7th century BCE to become a central hub for the burgeoning Republic. Over time, it evolved into a showcase of Roman architectural and engineering prowess. Key landmarks include the Temple of Saturn, the Arch of Titus, the Basilica of Maxentius, and the Curia, where the Roman Senate convened.

11. What was the Roman Forum used for?

The Roman Forum was the central hub of ancient Rome, serving as the political, religious, and commercial heart of the city. It was primarily a place for public gatherings and discussions, where important political decisions were made and significant events took place. Roman senators and magistrates held meetings in various buildings within the Forum, such as the Senate House, and the space was frequently used for speeches, debates, and public announcements. It was also the setting for monumental legal proceedings and trials that impacted the Roman people. This is a crucial fact about Ancient Rome, but in addition to its political functions, the Roman Forum was a religious center, home to several temples dedicated to Roman gods and deities. Temples like the ones dedicated to Saturn, Vesta, and Jupiter served as places of worship, rituals, and sacrifices. Priests and religious officials performed daily ceremonies, and the Forum was a key location for both state-sponsored and private religious observances.The Forum was also a bustling marketplace where merchants and traders sold a variety of goods, from food to luxury items. It was a place where the citizens of Rome could come together, not just for political or religious reasons, but also to socialize and exchange goods and ideas. Its vast open spaces, surrounded by important structures, made it a symbol of Roman power, culture, and civic pride, reflecting the grandeur of the Roman Empire in both its practical and symbolic uses.

12. Is the Senate in the Roman Forum one of the most important facts of Ancient Rome?

Yes, the Roman Senate was a crucial institution in the history of Ancient Rome, and its seat was located in the Roman Forum.The Senate was the primary governing body of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. It was a powerful institution that made decisions on matters of war, peace, foreign policy, and domestic affairs. While the Senate's power fluctuated throughout Roman history, it remained a significant force in shaping the destiny of the Roman world.The specific building where the Senate met in the Roman Forum is known as the Curia Julia. It was built by Julius Caesar and is still standing today, a testament to the enduring legacy of the Roman Republic.

13. Is the Roman Forum where Julius Caesar was assassinated?

The Roman Forum, although not the direct site of Julius Caesar’s assassination, was deeply intertwined with his political career and legacy. It was the epicenter of Roman public life, where the Senate met, public speeches were made, trials took place, and celebrations of military victories were held. Caesar was a central figure in this vibrant political landscape, and many of his most significant actions took place within the Forum’s boundaries. The assassination of Julius Caesar itself, however, occurred at the Theatre of Pompey, located just outside the Forum on the Campus Martius. On March 15th, 44 BC, the Senate had gathered there, and Caesar was ambushed by a group of conspirators. The site is significant not only for the tragic end of Caesar’s life but also for the subsequent transformation of Roman politics, as his death led to the end of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

After Caesar’s death, the Roman Forum became even more symbolic of his influence. His cremated remains were eventually placed in a grand funerary monument at the Forum’s edge, and his adopted heir, Augustus, would go on to transform the Forum and its surroundings, leaving a permanent legacy of Caesar’s memory. Today, the Forum is not only a reminder of the grandeur of Rome but also a witness to the dramatic shifts in power that changed the course of history.

14. Why is the Via Sacra so important?

The Via Sacra, or Sacred Way, was the most important street in ancient Rome, running through the heart of the Roman Forum. This historic thoroughfare held immense significance, both as a physical pathway and as a symbol of Rome’s religious, political, and cultural identity. It was named "sacred" because of its central role in religious ceremonies and public life, where triumphant generals, priests, and emperors paraded in celebration of military victories or religious festivals.The Via Sacra began at the Capitoline Hill, home to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, and stretched through the Forum to the Arch of Titus, the ceremonial gateway marking its eastern boundary. This path was the route for triumphal processions, where victorious generals would display their spoils, prisoners, and army to the cheering populace. These events underscored the power and glory of Rome, reinforcing the connection between military success, divine favor, and imperial rule.

Lined with temples, basilicas, and other significant structures, the Via Sacra served as a showcase of Roman architectural grandeur. Notable landmarks included the Temple of Vesta, where the sacred flame of Rome was kept burning by the Vestal Virgins, and the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, a monumental administrative building. These structures not only reflected Rome's religious devotion but also its political and economic prowess.Walking along the Via Sacra today offers a journey through time. The uneven paving stones bear the marks of ancient carts and footsteps, echoing the vibrant life that once filled this space. As the main artery of the Forum, the Via Sacra connected Rome's most iconic sites, embodying the city's dynamic blend of sacred ritual, political power, and public spectacle.

The Sacred Way was more than just a street; it was a living testament to Rome's identity and aspirations. It symbolized the unity of the Roman state, the alignment of its religious practices with its imperial ambitions, and the enduring legacy of a civilization that shaped the course of history. Today, the Via Sacra remains a tangible link to the grandeur of ancient Rome, inviting visitors to walk in the footsteps of emperors, senators, and citizens who once defined the Eternal City.

15. Why are there Temples in the Roman Forum?

The presence of temples in the Roman Forum reflects the religious and political life of ancient Rome, where the two were deeply intertwined. Temples were built in the Forum to honor various gods and goddesses, marking the Forum as both a spiritual and civic center. Ancient Romans believed that the favor of the gods was essential for the success of their empire, and public temples were constructed as places for offerings, sacrifices, and rituals to ensure divine protection and guidance.

The Roman Forum was the focal point for Roman religious activities, and many temples were dedicated to the most important deities in the Roman pantheon. For instance, the Temple of Saturn, one of the oldest temples in the Forum, was dedicated to Saturn, the god of wealth and agriculture. The Temple of Vesta was dedicated to the goddess of the hearth, where the sacred fire of Rome was kept burning as a symbol of the city's eternal life.Temples also served as symbols of the power and prestige of political leaders. Some emperors constructed temples as a way to publicly demonstrate their devotion to the gods, as well as to leave a lasting legacy. For example, the Temple of Caesar was erected in honor of Julius Caesar after his death, solidifying his status as a divinized figure and further intertwining religion with the political landscape of Rome. Overall, the temples in the Roman Forum were not just places of worship; they were a reflection of Rome's complex relationship between religion, politics, and public life.

16. Are there basilicas in the Roman Forum?

Yes, there were indeed basilicas in the Roman Forum, but they were not Christian churches as we understand them today. The term "basilica" in ancient Rome referred to a large, rectangular public building used for a variety of purposes, including law courts, used for legal proceedings and public assemblies; commercial centers, which housed shops and markets, civic administration, which served as places for government business. These ancient basilicas were often grand and ornate structures, featuring columns, apses, and large open spaces. However, they were pagan in nature and were not dedicated to any particular deity.

17. Why is there confusion about the term "basilica"?

The term "basilica" has evolved over time. When Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, many of these ancient basilicas were converted into churches. These early Christian churches adopted the architectural style of the Roman basilicas, and the term "basilica" came to be associated with Christian places of worship.Why are there Triumphal Arches in the Roman Forum? Triumphal arches in the Roman Forum were built to commemorate military victories and celebrate the achievements of Roman emperors. These monumental structures were erected to honor generals who had achieved great military success, such as conquering foreign lands or defeating powerful enemies, and to solidify their legacy. The arches also served as a symbol of Roman strength and imperial power. They were designed not only to commemorate specific events but also to reinforce the emperor's image and his connection to divine favor.The most famous example in the Roman Forum is the Arch of Titus, built by Emperor Domitian in 81 AD to honor his brother Titus’s victory in the Jewish War. Triumphal arches often featured elaborate reliefs depicting scenes of the victory, and they were strategically placed along important processional routes, ensuring that the emperor’s triumphs were visible to the people and reinforcing the grandeur of Rome's military might and imperial authority. These arches, by blending art and propaganda, were key in shaping the public’s perception of their rulers.

18. How did the Roman Forum change during the Middle Ages?

The Roman Forum underwent significant changes during the Middle Ages. As the Roman Empire declined, the Forum fell into disrepair and was gradually abandoned. Its once-grand structures were stripped of valuable materials, and the area became a desolate landscape. The Forum was transformed into a pastureland, known as the Campo Vaccino (Cow Field), where cattle grazed among the ruins. The ancient buildings were used as quarries for building materials, and many of their stones were reused in other construction. Despite the neglect, the Forum still held a certain fascination. Artists and scholars were drawn to its ruins, and the area became a popular subject for paintings and drawings. The Forum's symbolic importance as the heart of ancient Rome continued to resonate, even as it lay buried beneath layers of debris and vegetation. It wasn't until the 19th century that systematic excavations began to uncover the Forum's hidden treasures. The process of uncovering and restoring the ancient ruins has been ongoing ever since, revealing the grandeur of ancient Rome and offering a glimpse into the past.

19. Why is the Palatine HIll considered the Most Ancient?

Palatine Hill is considered the most ancient part of Rome because it is where the city’s legendary origins began. According to Roman mythology, it was here that Romulus and Remus, the twin founders of Rome, were rescued and nurtured by the she-wolf in a cave known as the Lupercal. Later, Romulus is said to have chosen Palatine Hill as the site to establish the city in 753 BC. Archaeological evidence supports its antiquity, as the hill was inhabited as early as the 10th century BC, during the Iron Age. Excavations have uncovered remnants of simple huts and artifacts from these early settlements, which predate the city's official founding. The Palatine’s central location and its natural defensibility made it an ideal spot for the first communities of Rome. Over time, the Palatine evolved from a humble settlement into the seat of power for Rome's elite. Emperors such as Augustus and Domitian built luxurious palaces there, cementing its status as the cradle of Roman civilization. Its layered history, combining mythology, early settlement, and imperial grandeur, is why Palatine Hill is considered the most ancient and historically significant site in Rome.

20. Who lived on Palatine Hill during ancient times?

Palatine Hill is deeply intertwined with some fascinating facts about ancient Rome, acting as both a mythical and political heart of the city. According to Roman legend, it was the birthplace of Romulus and Remus, the twin brothers who founded Rome. These myths are part of the rich tapestry of facts about ancient Rome that highlight the hill’s significant cultural role. Archaeological evidence shows that as early as the 10th century BC, Palatine Hill was home to simple dwellings, marking it as one of the earliest inhabited areas of the city. As Rome expanded and grew into a dominant power, Palatine Hill evolved into a prestigious residential area for the city’s elite. Wealthy patricians and influential political figures constructed magnificent homes there, drawn to its commanding position overlooking the Roman Forum and the Circus Maximus. The hill’s elevated status not only provided security but also served as a symbol of power and affluence, reflecting some of the defining facts about ancient Rome’s social structure.

By the time of the Roman Empire, Palatine Hill became the center of imperial Rome. Emperors like Augustus, Tiberius, and Domitian built magnificent palaces on the hill, transforming it into a sprawling complex of luxurious structures, gardens, and mosaics. The Domus Augustana and Domus Flavia, two of the most renowned imperial residences, showcased the splendor of the era and the emperor’s authority. Palatine Hill thus evolved from a mythical birthplace to the seat of Rome’s imperial power, becoming a symbol of both the city’s origins and its monumental grandeur, encapsulating some of the most remarkable facts about ancient Rome’s rise to dominance.